Park, J. B. and Lakes, R. S.,
Biomaterials, Plenum, (1992).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Remark: A third edition has appeared; Park, J. B. and Lakes, R. S.,
Biomaterials, Springer (2007).
Third edition page
CONTENTS----------
PAGES
PREFACE
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION TO BIOMATERIALS
1.1
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
1-2
1.2
PERFORMANCE OF BIOMATERIALS
1-2
SYMBOLS/DEFINITIONS 1-5
TABLES 1-6
BIBLIOGRAPHY 1-8
PROBLEMS 1-9
FIGURES 1-10
CHAPTER
2 THE STRUCTURE OF SOLIDS
2.1
ATOMIC BONDING
2-1
2.2
CRYSTAL STRUCTURES
2-2
2.2.1
Atoms of the Same Size
2-2
2.2.2
Atoms of Different Size
2-3
2.3
IMPERFECTIONS IN CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURES
2-4
2.4
LONG CHAIN MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS(POLYMERS)
2-5
2.5
SUPERCOOLED AND NETWORK SOLIDS
2-7
2.6
COMPOSITE MATERIAL STRUCTURES
2-8
SYMBOLS/DEFINITIONS 2-10
TABLES 2-13
REFERENCES 2-14
BIBLIOGRAPHY 2-14
PROBLEMS 2-15
FIGURES 2-17
CHAPTER
3 CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS-I
3.1
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
3-1
3.1.1
Stress Strain Behavior
3-1
3.1.2
Mechanical Failure
3-5
3.1.3
Viscoelasticity
3-8
a.
Viscoelastic material Behavior
3-8
b.
Characterization of Viscoelastic Materials
3-8
c.
Prediction of Response
3-10
d.
Mechanical Models
3-11
e.
Behavior of Viscoelastic Materials
3-15
f.
Applications
3-16
3.2
THERMAL PROPERTIES
3-16
3.3
PHASE DIAGRAMS
3-20
3.4
STRENGTHENING BY HEAT TREATMENTS
3-22
3.4.1
Metals
3-22
3.4.2
Ceramics and Glasses
3-23
3.4.3
Polymers and Elastomers
3-24
3.5
SURFACE PROPERTIES AND ADHESION
3-24
SYMBOLS/DEFINITIONS 3-26
TABLES 3-29
REFERENCES 3-32
BIBLIOGRAPHY 3-32
PROBLEMS 3-33
FIGURES 3-35
CHAPTER
4 CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS- II
4.1
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
4-1
4.2
OPTICAL PROPERTIES
4-4
4.3
X-RAY ABSORPTION
4-6
4.4
DENSITY AND POROSITY
4-8
4.5
ACOUSTIC AND ULTRASONIC PROPERTIES
4-10
4.6
DIFFUSION PROPERTIES
4-11
SYMBOLS/DEFINITIONS 4-12
TABLES 4-14
BIBLIOGRAPHY 4-18
PROBLEMS 4-19
FIGURES 4-20
CHAPTER
5 METALLIC IMPLANT MATERIALS
5.1
STAINLESS STEELS
5-1
5.1.1
Types and Composition of Stainless Steels
5-1
5.1.2
Properties of Stainless Steel
5-2
5.1.3
Manufacturing of Implants Using Stainless Steel
5-2
5.2
Co-BASED ALLOYS
5-3
5.2.1
Types and Composition of Co-Based Alloys
5-3
5.2.2
Properties of Co-based Alloys
5-3
5.2.3
Manufacturing of Implants Using Co-based Alloys
5-4
5.3
Ti AND Ti-BASED ALLOYS
5-6
5.3.1
Compositions of Ti and Ti-Based Alloys
5-6
5.3.2
Structure and Properties of Ti and Ti-Alloys
5-6
5.3.3
Manufacturing of Implants
5-7
5.4
DENTAL METALS
5-8
5.4.1
Dental Amalgam
5-8
5.4.2
Gold
5-8
5.4.3
Nickel-Titanium Alloys
5-9
5.5
OTHER METALS
5-12
5.6
CORROSION OF METALLIC IMPLANTS
5-12
5.6.1
Electrochemical Aspects
5-12
5.6.2
Pourbaix Diagrams in Corrosion
5-14
5.6.3
Rate of Corrosion, Polarization Curves
5-16
5.6.4
Corrosion of Available Metals
5-17
5.6.5
Minimization of Corrosion: Case Studies
5-18
SYMBOLS/DEFINITION 5-21
TABLES 5-23
REFERENCES 5-28
BIBLIOGRAPHY 5-30
PROBLEMS 5-31
FIGURES 5-34
CHAPTER
6 CERAMIC IMPLANT MATERIALS
6.1
STRUCTURE -PROPERTY RELATIONSHIP OF CERAMICS
6-1
6.1.1
Atomic Bonding and Arrangement
6-1
6.1.2
Physical Properties
6-2
6.2
ALUMINUM OXIDES
6-3
6.3
CALCIUM PHOSPHATE
6-4
6.3.1
Structure of Calcium Phosphate
6-4
6.3.2
Properties of Hydroxyapatite
6-5
6.3.3
Manufacturing of Hydroxyapatite
6-5
6.4
GLASS-CERAMICS
6-6
6.4.1
Formation of Glass-Ceramics
6-6
6.4.2
Properties of Glass-Ceramics
6-7
6.5.
OTHER CERAMICS
6-8
6.6
CARBONS
6-9
6.6.1
Structure of Carbons
6-9
6.6.2
Properties of Carbon
6-10
6.6.3
Manufacture of Implants
6-10
6.7
DETERIORATION OF CERAMICS
6-11
SYMBOLS/DEFINITIONS 6-13
TABLES 6-14
REFERENCES 6-18
BIBLIOGRAPHY 6-20
PROBLEMS 6-21
FIGURES 6-22
CHAPTER
7 POLYMERIC IMPLANT MATERIALS
7.1
POLYMERIZATION AND PROPERTIES
7-1
7.1.1
Polymerization
7-1
a.
Condensation or Step Reaction Polymerization
7-1
b.
Addition or Free Radical Polymerization
7-2
7.2
EFFECT OF STRUCTURAL MODIFICATION AND TEMPERATURE
ON
PROPERTIES
7-4
7.2.1
Effect of Molecular Weight and Composition
7-4
7.2.2
Effect of the Side Chain Substitution,
Cross-Linking,
and Branching
7-5
7.2.3
Effect of Temperature on Properties
7-5
7.3
POLYMERIC IMPLANT MATERIALS
7-6
7.3.1
Polyamides (nylons)
7-6
7.3.2
Polyethylene
7-8
7.3.3
Polypropylene
7-9
7.3.4
Polyacrylates
7-10
a.
Structure and Properties of Acrylics and Hydrogels
7-10
b.
Bone Cement (PMMA)
7-12
7.3.5
Fluorocarbon Polymers
7-12
7.3.6
Rubbers
7-13
7.4
HIGH STRENGTH THERMOPLASTICS
7-15
7.5
DETERIORATION OF POLYMERS
7-16
7.5.1
Chemical Effects
7-16
7.5.2
Sterilization Effects
7-17
7.5.3
Mechano-Chemical Effects
7-18
7.5.4
In
Vivo
Environmental Effects
7-18
SYMBOLS/DEFINITIONS 7-19
TABLES 7-21
REFERENCES 7-28
BIBLIOGRAPHY 7-29
PROBLEMS 7-30
FIGURES 7-32
CHAPTER
8 COMPOSITES AS BIOMATERIALS
8.1
STRUCTURE
8-1
8.2
MECHANICS OF COMPOSITES
8-2
8.3
APPLICATIONS OF COMPOSITE BIOMATERIALS
8-6
8.3.1
Dental Filling Composites
8-6
8.3.2
Porous Implants
8-8
8.3.3
Fibrous and Particulate Composites
in
Orthopedic Implants
8-10
SYMBOLS/DEFINITIONS 8-12
TABLES 8-14
REFERENCES 8-16
BIBLIOGRAPHY 8-16
PROBLEMS 8-17
FIGURES 8-18
CHAPTER
9 STRUCTURE-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS
9.1
PROTEINS
9-1
9.1.1
Collagen
9-2
9.1.2
Elastin
9-3
9.2
POLYSACCHARIDES
9-4
9.2.1
Hyaluronic Acid and Chondroitin
9-4
9.2.2
Chondroitin Sulfate
9-4
9.3
STRUCTURE-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIP OF TISSUES
9-5
9.3.1
Mineralized Tissue (Bone and Teeth)
9-6
a.
Composition and Structure
9-6
b.
Mechanical Properties of Bone and Teeth
9-8
c.
Modeling of Mechanical Properties of Bone
9-10
d.
Electrical Properties of Bone
9-11
9.3.2
Bone Remodelling
9-12
a.
Phenomenology
9-12
b.
Feedback Mechanisms of Bone Remodeling
9-14
9.3.3
Collagen-Rich Tissues
9-15
a.
Composition and Structure
9-16
b.
Physical Properties
9-16
9.3.4
Elastic Tissues
9-18
a.
Composition and Structure
9-18
b.
Properties of Elastic Tissues
9-18
c.
Further Considerations of the Mechanical
Properties
of Soft-Tissues
9-20
SYMBOLS/DEFINITIONS 9-22
TABLES 9-25
REFERENCES 9-31
BIBLIOGRAPHY 9-33
PROBLEMS 9-34
FIGURES 9-35
CHAPTER
10 TISSUE RESPONSE TO IMPLANTS (BIOCOMPATIBILITY)
10.1
NORMAL WOUND HEALING PROCESS
10-1
10.1.1
Inflammation
10-1
10.1.2
Cellular Response to Repair
10-2
10.2.
BODY RESPONSE TO IMPLANTS
10-5
10.2.1
Cellular Response to Implants
10-5
10.2.2
Systemic Effects by Implants
10-7
10.3
BLOOD COMPATIBILITY
10-8
10.3.1
Factors Affecting Blood Compatibility
10-9
10.3.2
Nonthrombogenic Surfaces
10-9
10.4
CARCINOGENICITY
10-11
10.4.1
Testing of Carcinogenicity
10-12
10.4.2
Risk Assessment
10-13
SYMBOLS/DEFINITIONS 10-15
TABLES 10-16
REFERENCES 10-19
BIBLIOGRAPHY 10-20
PROBLEMS 10-21
FIGURES 10-22
CHAPTER
11 SOFT TISSUE REPLACEMENT I: SUTURES, SKIN, AND MAXILLOFACIAL IMPLANTS
11.1
SUTURES, SURGICAL TAPES, AND ADHESIVES
11-1
11.1.1
Sutures
11-2
11.1.2
Surgical Tapes
11-3
11.1.3
Tissue Adhesives
11-3
11.2
PERCUTANEOUS AND SKIN IMPLANTS
11-5
11.2.1
Percutaneous Devices
11-5
11.2.2
Artificial Skins
11-7
11.3
MAXILLOFACIAL AND OTHER SOFT-TISSUE AUGMENTATION
11-8
11.3.1
Maxillofacial Implants
11-8
11.3.2
Ear and Eye Implants
11-9
11.3.3
Fluid Transfer Implants
11-10
11.3.4
Space Filling Implants
11-10
SYMBOLS/DEFINITIONS 11-12
TABLES 11-13
REFERENCES 11-15
BIBLIOGRAPHY 11-16
PROBLEMS 11-17
FIGURES 11-18
CHAPTER
12 SOFT TISSUE REPLACEMENT II: BLOOD INTERFACING IMPLANTS
12.1
VASCULAR IMPLANTS
12-1
12.2
HEART VALVE IMPLANTS
12-4
12.3
HEART AND LUNG ASSIST DEVICES
12-6
12.4
ARTIFICIAL ORGANS
12-8
12.4.1
Artificial Hearts
12-8
12.4.2
Cardiac Pacemaker
12-9
12.4.3
Artificial Kidney Dialysis Membrane
12-9
SYMBOLS/DEFINITIONS 12-13
TABLES 12-14
REFERENCES 12-17
BIBLIOGRAPHY 12-17
PROBLEMS 12-18
FIGURES 12-20
CHAPTER
13 HARD TISSUE REPLACEMENT I: LONG BONE REPAIR
13.1.
WIRES, PINS, AND SCREWS
13-2
13.1.1
Wires
13-2
13.1.2
Pins
13-3
13.1.3
Screws
13-3
13.2
FRACTURE PLATES
13-5
13.2.1
Cortical Bone Plates
13-5
13.2.2
Cancellous Bone Plate
13-6
13.3
INTRAMEDULLARY DEVICES
13-7
13.4
SPINAL FIXATION DEVICES
13-8
13.5
FRACTURE HEALING BY ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTROMAGNETIC
STIMULATION
13-9
SYMBOLS/DEFINITIONS 13-12
TABLES 13-14
REFERENCES 13-16
BIBLIOGRAPHY 13-17
PROBLEMS 13-18
FIGURES 13-19
CHAPTER
14 HARD TISSUE REPLACEMENT-II: JOINTS AND TEETH
14.1
JOINT REPLACEMENTS
14-1
14.1.1
Lower Extremity Implants
14-2
a.
Hip Joint Replacements
14-2
b.
Knee Joint Replacements
14-4
c.
Other Joint Replacements
14-5
14.1.2
Upper Extremity Implants
14-8
a.
Shoulder Joint Replacements
14-8
b.
Finger Joint Replacements
14-8
c.
Other Joint Replacements
14-8
14.2
DENTAL IMPLANTS
14-11
14.2.1
Endosseous Tooth Implants
14-11
14.2.2
Subperiosteal and Staple/Transosteal Implants
14-13
14.3
INTERFACE PROBLEMS IN ORTHOPEDIC IMPLANTS
14-14
14.3.1
Bone Cement Fixation
14-15
14.3.2
Porous Ingrowth(Biological) Fixation
14-16
14.3.3
Direct Bonding between Bone and Implant
14-18
14.3.4
Interference and Passive Fixation
14-18
SYMBOLS/DEFINITIONS 14-20
TABLES 14-21
REFERENCES 14-22
BIBLIOGRAPHY 14-24
PROBLEMS 14-27
FIGURES 14-28
CHAPTER
15 TRANSPLANTS
15.1
OVERVIEW
15-1
15.2
IMMUNOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
15-2
15.3
BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS
15-4
15.4
INDIVIDUAL ORGANS
15-5
15.4.1
Kidney
15-5
15.4.2
Liver
15-6
15.4.3
Heart and Lung
15-7
15.4.4
Bone
15-8
15.4.5
Skin and Hair
15-8
15.4.6
Nerve and Brain
15-8
15.4.7
Pancreas
15-9
15.4.8
Cornea
15-10
15.5
REGENERATION
15-11
15.6
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
15-12
SYMBOLS/DEFINITIONS 15-13
TABLES 15-15
REFERENCES 15-16
BIBLIOGRAPHY 15-16
PROBLEMS 15-17
FIGURES 15-18
APPENDIX
I.
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND CONVERSIONS
A-1
II.
SI UNITS
A-2
III.
COMMON PREFIXES
A-3
IV.
PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS
A-4