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CONTENTS----------
PAGES Preface CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION TO BIOMATERIALS
1.1
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
1-2 1.2
PERFORMANCE OF BIOMATERIALS
1-2 SYMBOLS/DEFINITIONS 1-5 tables 1-6 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1-8 PROBLEMS 1-9 FIGURES 1-10 CHAPTER
2 THE STRUCTURE OF SOLIDS
2.1
ATOMIC BONDING
2-1 2.2
CRYSTAL STRUCTURES
2-2 2.2.1
Atoms of the Same Size
2-2 2.2.2
Atoms of Different Size
2-3 2.3
IMPERFECTIONS IN CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURES
2-4 2.4
LONG CHAIN MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS(POLYMERS)
2-5 2.5
SUPERCOOLED AND NETWORK SOLIDS
2-7 2.6
COMPOSITE MATERIAL STRUCTURES
2-8 SYMBOLS/DEFINITIONS 2-10 tables 2-13 REFERENCES 2-14 BIBLIOGRAPHY 2-14 PROBLEMS 2-15 FIGURES 2-17 CHAPTER
3 CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS-I
3.1
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
3-1 3.1.1
Stress Strain Behavior
3-1 3.1.2
Mechanical Failure
3-5 3.1.3
Viscoelasticity
3-8 a.
Viscoelastic material Behavior
3-8 b.
Characterization of Viscoelastic Materials
3-8 c.
Prediction of Response
3-10 d.
Mechanical Models
3-11 e.
Behavior of Viscoelastic Materials
3-15 f.
Applications
3-16 3.2
THERMAL PROPERTIES
3-16 3.3
PHASE DIAGRAMS
3-20 3.4
STRENGTHENING BY HEAT TREATMENTS
3-22 3.4.1
Metals
3-22 3.4.2
Ceramics and Glasses
3-23 3.4.3
Polymers and Elastomers
3-24 3.5
SURface PROPERTIES AND ADHESION
3-24 SYMBOLS/DEFINITIONS 3-26 tables 3-29 REFERENCES 3-32 BIBLIOGRAPHY 3-32 PROBLEMS 3-33 FIGURES 3-35 CHAPTER
4 CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS- II
4.1
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
4-1 4.2
OPTICAL PROPERTIES
4-4 4.3
X-RAY ABSORPTION
4-6 4.4
DENSITY AND POROSITY
4-8 4.5
ACOUSTIC AND ULTRASONIC PROPERTIES
4-10 4.6
DIFFUSION PROPERTIES
4-11 SYMBOLS/DEFINITIONS 4-12 tables 4-14 BIBLIOGRAPHY 4-18 PROBLEMS 4-19 FIGURES 4-20 CHAPTER
5 METALLIC IMPLANT MATERIALS
5.1
STAINLESS STEELS
5-1 5.1.1
Types and Composition of Stainless Steels
5-1 5.1.2
Properties of Stainless Steel
5-2 5.1.3
Manufacturing of Implants Using Stainless Steel
5-2 5.2
Co-BASED ALLOYS
5-3 5.2.1
Types and Composition of Co-Based Alloys
5-3 5.2.2
Properties of Co-based Alloys
5-3 5.2.3
Manufacturing of Implants Using Co-based Alloys
5-4 5.3
Ti AND Ti-BASED ALLOYS
5-6 5.3.1
Compositions of Ti and Ti-Based Alloys
5-6 5.3.2
Structure and Properties of Ti and Ti-Alloys
5-6 5.3.3
Manufacturing of Implants
5-7 5.4
DENTAL METALS
5-8 5.4.1
Dental Amalgam
5-8 5.4.2
Gold
5-8 5.4.3
Nickel-Titanium Alloys
5-9 5.5
OTHER METALS
5-12 5.6
CORROSION OF METALLIC IMPLANTS
5-12 5.6.1
Electrochemical Aspects
5-12 5.6.2
Pourbaix Diagrams in Corrosion
5-14 5.6.3
Rate of Corrosion, Polarization Curves
5-16 5.6.4
Corrosion of Available Metals
5-17 5.6.5
Minimization of Corrosion: Case Studies
5-18 SYMBOLS/DEFINITION 5-21 tables 5-23 REFERENCES 5-28 BIBLIOGRAPHY 5-30 PROBLEMS 5-31 FIGURES 5-34 CHAPTER
6 CERAMIC IMPLANT MATERIALS
6.1
STRUCTURE -PROPERTY RELATIONSHIP OF CERAMICS
6-1 6.1.1
Atomic Bonding and Arrangement
6-1 6.1.2
Physical Properties
6-2 6.2
ALUMINUM OXIDES
6-3 6.3
CALCIUM PHOSPHATE
6-4 6.3.1
Structure of Calcium Phosphate
6-4 6.3.2
Properties of Hydroxyapatite
6-5 6.3.3
Manufacturing of Hydroxyapatite
6-5 6.4
GLASS-CERAMICS
6-6 6.4.1
Formation of Glass-Ceramics
6-6 6.4.2
Properties of Glass-Ceramics
6-7 6.5.
OTHER CERAMICS
6-8 6.6
CARBONS
6-9 6.6.1
Structure of Carbons
6-9 6.6.2
Properties of Carbon
6-10 6.6.3
Manufacture of Implants
6-10 6.7
DETERIORATION OF CERAMICS
6-11 SYMBOLS/DEFINITIONS 6-13 tables 6-14 REFERENCES 6-18 BIBLIOGRAPHY 6-20 PROBLEMS 6-21 FIGURES 6-22 CHAPTER
7 POLYMERIC IMPLANT MATERIALS
7.1
POLYMERIZATION AND PROPERTIES
7-1 7.1.1
Polymerization
7-1 a.
Condensation or Step Reaction Polymerization
7-1 b.
Addition or Free Radical Polymerization
7-2 7.2
EFFECT OF STRUCTURAL MODIFICATION AND TEMPERATURE
ON
PROPERTIES
7-4 7.2.1
Effect of Molecular Weight and Composition
7-4 7.2.2
Effect of the Side Chain Substitution,
Cross-Linking,
and Branching
7-5 7.2.3
Effect of Temperature on Properties
7-5 7.3
POLYMERIC IMPLANT MATERIALS
7-6 7.3.1
Polyamides (nylons)
7-6 7.3.2
Polyethylene
7-8 7.3.3
Polypropylene
7-9 7.3.4
Polyacrylates
7-10 a.
Structure and Properties of Acrylics and Hydrogels
7-10 b.
Bone Cement (PMMA)
7-12 7.3.5
Fluorocarbon Polymers
7-12 7.3.6
Rubbers
7-13 7.4
HIGH STRENGTH THERMOPLASTICS
7-15 7.5
DETERIORATION OF POLYMERS
7-16 7.5.1
Chemical Effects
7-16 7.5.2
Sterilization Effects
7-17 7.5.3
Mechano-Chemical Effects
7-18 7.5.4
In
Vivo
Environmental Effects
7-18 SYMBOLS/DEFINITIONS 7-19 tables 7-21 REFERENCES 7-28 BIBLIOGRAPHY 7-29 PROBLEMS 7-30 FIGURES 7-32 |
CHAPTER
8 COMPOSITES AS BIOMATERIALS
8.1
STRUCTURE
8-1 8.2
MECHANICS OF COMPOSITES
8-2 8.3
APPLICATIONS OF COMPOSITE BIOMATERIALS
8-6 8.3.1
Dental Filling Composites
8-6 8.3.2
Porous Implants
8-8 8.3.3
Fibrous and Particulate Composites
in
Orthopedic Implants
8-10 SYMBOLS/DEFINITIONS 8-12 tables 8-14 REFERENCES 8-16 BIBLIOGRAPHY 8-16 PROBLEMS 8-17 FIGURES 8-18 CHAPTER
9 STRUCTURE-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS
9.1
PROTEINS
9-1 9.1.1
Collagen
9-2 9.1.2
Elastin
9-3 9.2
POLYSACCHARIDES
9-4 9.2.1
Hyaluronic Acid and Chondroitin
9-4 9.2.2
Chondroitin Sulfate
9-4 9.3
STRUCTURE-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIP OF TISSUES
9-5 9.3.1
Mineralized Tissue (Bone and Teeth)
9-6 a.
Composition and Structure
9-6 b.
Mechanical Properties of Bone and Teeth
9-8 c.
Modeling of Mechanical Properties of Bone
9-10 d.
Electrical Properties of Bone
9-11 9.3.2
Bone Remodelling
9-12 a.
Phenomenology
9-12 b.
Feedback Mechanisms of Bone Remodeling
9-14 9.3.3
Collagen-Rich Tissues
9-15 a.
Composition and Structure
9-16 b.
Physical Properties
9-16 9.3.4
Elastic Tissues
9-18 a.
Composition and Structure
9-18 b.
Properties of Elastic Tissues
9-18 c.
Further Considerations of the Mechanical
Properties
of Soft-Tissues
9-20 SYMBOLS/DEFINITIONS 9-22 tables 9-25 REFERENCES 9-31 BIBLIOGRAPHY 9-33 PROBLEMS 9-34 FIGURES 9-35 CHAPTER
10 TISSUE RESPONSE TO IMPLANTS (BIOCOMPATIBILITY)
10.1
NORMAL WOUND HEALING PROCESS
10-1 10.1.1
Inflammation
10-1 10.1.2
Cellular Response to Repair
10-2 10.2.
BODY RESPONSE TO IMPLANTS
10-5 10.2.1
Cellular Response to Implants
10-5 10.2.2
Systemic Effects by Implants
10-7 10.3
BLOOD COMPATIBILITY
10-8 10.3.1
Factors Affecting Blood Compatibility
10-9 10.3.2
Nonthrombogenic Surfaces
10-9 10.4
CARCINOGENICITY
10-11 10.4.1
Testing of Carcinogenicity
10-12 10.4.2
Risk Assessment
10-13 SYMBOLS/DEFINITIONS 10-15 tables 10-16 REFERENCES 10-19 BIBLIOGRAPHY 10-20 PROBLEMS 10-21 FIGURES 10-22 CHAPTER
11 SOFT TISSUE REPLACEMENT I: SUTURES, SKIN, AND MAXILLOFACIAL IMPLANTS
11.1
SUTURES, SURGICAL TAPES, AND ADHESIVES
11-1 11.1.1
Sutures
11-2 11.1.2
Surgical Tapes
11-3 11.1.3
Tissue Adhesives
11-3 11.2
PERCUTANEOUS AND SKIN IMPLANTS
11-5 11.2.1
Percutaneous Devices
11-5 11.2.2
Artificial Skins
11-7 11.3
MAXILLOFACIAL AND OTHER SOFT-TISSUE AUGMENTATION
11-8 11.3.1
Maxillofacial Implants
11-8 11.3.2
Ear and Eye Implants
11-9 11.3.3
Fluid Transfer Implants
11-10 11.3.4
Space Filling Implants
11-10 SYMBOLS/DEFINITIONS 11-12 tables 11-13 REFERENCES 11-15 BIBLIOGRAPHY 11-16 PROBLEMS 11-17 FIGURES 11-18 CHAPTER
12 SOFT TISSUE REPLACEMENT II: BLOOD INTERFACING IMPLANTS
12.1
VASCULAR IMPLANTS
12-1 12.2
HEART VALVE IMPLANTS
12-4 12.3
HEART AND LUNG ASSIST DEVICES
12-6 12.4
ARTIFICIAL ORGANS
12-8 12.4.1
Artificial Hearts
12-8 12.4.2
Cardiac Pacemaker
12-9 12.4.3
Artificial Kidney Dialysis Membrane
12-9 SYMBOLS/DEFINITIONS 12-13 tables 12-14 REFERENCES 12-17 BIBLIOGRAPHY 12-17 PROBLEMS 12-18 FIGURES 12-20 CHAPTER
13 HARD TISSUE REPLACEMENT I: LONG BONE REPAIR
13.1.
WIRES, PINS, AND SCREWS
13-2 13.1.1
Wires
13-2 13.1.2
Pins
13-3 13.1.3
Screws
13-3 13.2
FRACTURE PLATES
13-5 13.2.1
Cortical Bone Plates
13-5 13.2.2
Cancellous Bone Plate
13-6 13.3
INTRAMEDULLARY DEVICES
13-7 13.4
SPINAL FIXATION DEVICES
13-8 13.5
FRACTURE HEALING BY ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTROMAGNETIC
STIMULATION
13-9 SYMBOLS/DEFINITIONS 13-12 tables 13-14 REFERENCES 13-16 BIBLIOGRAPHY 13-17 PROBLEMS 13-18 FIGURES 13-19 CHAPTER
14 HARD TISSUE REPLACEMENT-II: JOINTS AND TEETH
14.1
JOINT REPLACEMENTS
14-1 14.1.1
Lower Extremity Implants
14-2 a.
Hip Joint Replacements
14-2 b.
Knee Joint Replacements
14-4 c.
Other Joint Replacements
14-5 14.1.2
Upper Extremity Implants
14-8 a.
Shoulder Joint Replacements
14-8 b.
Finger Joint Replacements
14-8 c.
Other Joint Replacements
14-8 14.2
DENTAL IMPLANTS
14-11 14.2.1
Endosseous Tooth Implants
14-11 14.2.2
Subperiosteal and Staple/Transosteal Implants
14-13 14.3
Interface PROBLEMS IN ORTHOPEDIC IMPLANTS
14-14 14.3.1
Bone Cement Fixation
14-15 14.3.2
Porous Ingrowth(Biological) Fixation
14-16 14.3.3
Direct Bonding between Bone and Implant
14-18 14.3.4
Interference and Passive Fixation
14-18 SYMBOLS/DEFINITIONS 14-20 tables 14-21 REFERENCES 14-22 BIBLIOGRAPHY 14-24 PROBLEMS 14-27 FIGURES 14-28 CHAPTER
15 TRANSPLANTS
15.1
OVERVIEW
15-1 15.2
IMMUNOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
15-2 15.3
BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS
15-4 15.4
INDIVIDUAL ORGANS
15-5 15.4.1
Kidney
15-5 15.4.2
Liver
15-6 15.4.3
Heart and Lung
15-7 15.4.4
Bone
15-8 15.4.5
Skin and Hair
15-8 15.4.6
Nerve and Brain
15-8 15.4.7
Pancreas
15-9 15.4.8
Cornea
15-10 15.5
REGENERATION
15-11 15.6
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
15-12 SYMBOLS/DEFINITIONS 15-13 tables 15-15 REFERENCES 15-16 BIBLIOGRAPHY 15-16 PROBLEMS 15-17 FIGURES 15-18 APPENDIX I.
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND CONVERSIONS
A-1 II.
SI UNITS
A-2 III.
COMMON PREFIXES
A-3 IV.
PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS
A-4
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